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okay so i think sony for giving us a

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very well-rounded background information

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about Mars and the early like went

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through most of my background sighs but

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we're going to like go through them

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again so welcome to Mars this is I'm

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going to talk about my project on

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protein Mars Northern Plains

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stratigraphy with impact craters so my

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name is Lou pan I'm from California

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Institute of Technology and right here

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you're looking at a visible image of a

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kind of stretched image of Mars and uh

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and the notes the northern things are

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this like darker regions this is acid

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idea and this is where we are going to

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look at today so one of the striking

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feature about Mars where you look at

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this top our feet is the hemispheric

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dichotomy and the Staten Island is the

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average elevation of the southern

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highlands is about five kilometers

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higher than the northern lowlands and

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you can see is also very heavily

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cratered because it has a which wich

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lead lead to our understanding of the

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Southern Highlands being very ancient

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engage they are not just different on

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the surface they also have a

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intrinsically different crustal

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thickness the northern things are our

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much thinner have a much thinner crust

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the Anderson a Highlands but what's more

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interesting about above Mars is that a

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recent in the recent decades there are

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thousands of our crafts of hydrated

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minerals detected on the surface of Mars

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including iron magnesium phyllosilicates

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hydrated silica chlorides carbonates and

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sulfates but you can see most of the

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hydrated minerals are concentrated in

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the south and highland area and only a

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few spots are detected in the northern

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plains and this also leads to a new

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understanding of the chronology of Mars

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so we have divided from the from crate

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accounts

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the understanding of major events in

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Martian history people have divided

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Martian history into three main epochs

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so the oldest being the NARC Ian and

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then hesperian an Amazonian age and from

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the mineralogy side we find that most

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criminals before fine are related to the

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oldest terrains so people believe that

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these clay minerals represent early warm

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and wet Mars climates that transitioned

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into a more acidic acidic atmosphere

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with a lot of volcanism period in the

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Hesperian there where the sulfate

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mineralogy dominates the surface and

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when you move to the amazonian you don't

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see a lot of hydrating minerals they are

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mostly a hydra anhydrous ferric oxide

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that our correspondent to the Martian

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surface we see it today but today I'm

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going to talk mainly talk about the

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northern plains of Mars if you have a

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red book Martian like they landed here

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in acid idea where I'm going to talk

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about so the note we don't know very

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much about the notes and things we don't

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have such such thousands of outcrops of

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hydrated minerals and there what we know

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about Northern Plains is like this so

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from the noachian age we know there are

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there is a heavily cratered basement in

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the northern things this is inferred

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from the quasi circular depressions or

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they call it ghost craters that are dead

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people found using the topography data

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and these Curt this is an important

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discovery because this tells us that I

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caught me between the Santa Highlands

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and Northern Plains are set very early

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on in Martian history and the Northern

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Plains is has a very different surface

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environment because there are later

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sediments and vocal like settlements and

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lava flows deposited into the nose of

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things and a major question about the

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north and things is that people

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suggested they could have been a global

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ocean existed somewhere you later

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knocking or early hesperian and this has

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been argued better enforce but we still

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do not have them

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evidence for such a notion to exist when

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we move to the Amazonia age there are

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not so much going on in the northern

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plains except for the polar deposits due

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to the radical obliquity changes of Mars

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and also there are some surface geologic

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features like this one so this little

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conical feature our hypothesis

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hypothesized to be a mud volcano that

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involve some volatile activities so

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today our project is to look at you used

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chrism data to look at the Northern

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Plains and try to see if we can also

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understand these important questions

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whether they're there has being a

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sustained global ocean in the northern

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things has serving recent groundwater

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organized activities and more generally

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what is the stratigraphy of the north of

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things itself so by chrism I mean the

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compaq reconnaissance imaging

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spectrometer for mars so this is a

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visible near infrared spectrometer on

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board mars reconnaissance orbiter and it

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has been orbiting mars for more than a

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decade i think and we obtain information

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like this from chrism so x axis

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wavelength and why it is reflectance and

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from the difference spectra of fun of

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the surface in the visible near-infrared

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wavelengths range we can get electronic

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transitions like this from the mafic

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minerals and also vibrational transition

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transition bands that are sharper and

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more in word in the longer wavelengths

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and these represent water formed winners

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like smacked eyes or hydrated silica or

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we can get these continuum slopes they

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represent an alteration rind or coating

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so what we are going to do is to

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specifically look at the impact craters

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in the Northern Plains because the

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Northern Plains as I said we don't have

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too much exposure of hydrogen rose

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because it's mostly covered and there is

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some alteration on the surface so we

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don't detect it's very hard to detect

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those

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davido's in the north and things that's

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why we're going through the impact

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craters you can see from inner panel a

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through c impact craters of different

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sizes can penetrates through different

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layers in a stratigraphy and uh and

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expose all these mineralogy on the

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surface you can see the deepest mineral

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the deepest layer exposed in the central

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peak and in the proximal in the distal

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area of the dejected blanket there is

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one complicating factor about hydrated

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minerals is that these could have formed

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after the impacts when if when there is

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a hydrocele role when there's a there

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there are impact induced hydro summer

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activities formed because of the impact

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these have been proposed for Mars and

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possibly they did exist for Mars in in

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certain ages when there's liquid water

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around so we have to look out for such

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hydrated minerals in post crater post

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crater formation hydrothermal activities

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so that's the main idea here I'm showing

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the map of the detections of mafic

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minerals and hydrating murals in large

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craters so all of the white dots are

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crazy larger than 30 kilometers and

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these are but most of these do not have

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create some coverage so within Acidalia

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Planitia we have surveyed all of the

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image all of the credits with chrism

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coverages and found some some of them

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have both metric and hydrogen minnows

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their previous works they looked at

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these area and found several found me 50

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nodes in small craters in Australia and

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hydrated minerals in nine of the large

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craters in within the Northern Plains

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but today we're going to show you a

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complete survey of these northern plains

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data set and integrates both matric and

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hydrated signatures and try to

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understand their relative stratigraphic

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relationship and play some some loose

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constraints on what this recovery looks

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like

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and so these are some preliminary

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results from our daily of lanesha 61

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chrism targeted images have been studied

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and 44 are detected with my pic minnows

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and 25 with hydrating you know

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detections so on this map all of the

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stars represent craters larger than 30

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kilometers and all of the tasks surface

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and smaller ones so there are even

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smaller craters that are not shown on

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this map you can see have like there is

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a general trend that the larger craters

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show more of a hydrating minnows so i'm

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here i have divided into you I'm

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magnesium fellows the case and other

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hydrated faces because to identify I'm

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magnesium phallus okay see you need to

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find the 2.3 micron absorption

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absorption which are generally very weak

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in the north of things so sometimes it

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did not see them and another observation

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from this survey is that creators near

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these outflow channels generally have

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very weak detections so sometimes it's

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very hard to pinpoint there is a

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hydrated detection there and I have some

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examples of how we detect these minnows

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so this is on a left of showing the

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famous image of cannot see equator and

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davis creature and these these shapes on

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the image are the crease of footprints

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with the little dots showing what kind

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of mineral detections there is on the

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right i'm showing the spectra of

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different different minerals this panel

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is the hydrating we know with the 1.9

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water ban and the 2.3 metal o.h bands

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these are like in davis critter is very

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weak base right above detection star

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showed in inoculator is more clear and

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you can see there's a 2.35 absorption

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future which is which is so close a

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match to chloride instead of the non

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tonight and staff nine samples and on

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the right panel the these broad

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absorptions represent ion in the mineral

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so these are all in spectra and drugs

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inspection

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what is cool about Davis crater though

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is that you did not only see these

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hydrated minerals in the central peak

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you also see them on the crater wars and

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the crater a chapter which is consistent

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with all the Creator created excavation

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models so as I said earlier we need to

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distinguish whether these hydrated

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minerals formed pre or after you pat I'm

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running all the time okay so so here are

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just some beautiful images showing where

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these detections are made and can see

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them on the rocky regions where meter

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size boulders have been falling off

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these ridges and the same one here we

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have a layered mega block so this is a

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huge block in the central peak that is

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definitely I've lifted from depth so

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assuming we know that these minerals are

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excavated from depths we can calculate a

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maximum excavation depth from the size

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of these craters so in this figure the x

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axis is the crater rim to rim diameter

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and the y axis is the maximum excavation

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depths and different i'm not showing in

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each like these three lines are

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different models 444 crater scaling

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basically and you can see only critters

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larger than 20 kilometers are found with

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hydrated signals and these craters

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generally excavates depths from

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different than 1.5 kilometer so here is

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the summary and in the future we're

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going to complete the survey outside of

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acid area and build a builder complete

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database and place upper and lower

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bounds of the sequences of different

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layers and we hope to use this impact

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crater that we can decipher the changing

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acres history of Mars and better assess

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they have the ability and they have the

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ability of early Mars and how it changed

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so do we have any questions for Lou

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so I'm just wondering in the in the

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smaller craters you're saying that that

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that basically you don't you don't see

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these hydrated minerals right when you

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say hydrated minerals do just mean a no

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age group or do you mean basically

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minerals that have been altered by some

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sort of long standing waterbody like a

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clay or a or something so so in here

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when I say hydrated minerals I refer to

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the specific spectral class with the

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with h2o band mean so so I think this

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represents a minnow with hto in the

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video structure so it can be a claim you

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know but it can it can be other like

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amorphouse like amorphous silica or

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things like that that have the h2o so

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it's a more broader range of you know

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okay because in the case of Gale Crater

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I understood there was actually like

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alteration type minerals I'm yeah so

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what I was curious about is one of these

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larger craters could potentially be

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larger water bodies and hold um you know

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not evaporate quite so quickly basically

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and be able to alter minerals over a

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launder longer standing period in such a

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you know then atmosphere where things

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would evaporate rather quickly so that

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was all I was curious about thank you

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that's definitely a possibility and

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that's why we're searching for like

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definite evidence for phyllosilicates

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and other criminals and from that you

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can you can infer how how much water